--- /dev/null
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+'''Data transformation functions.
+
+From bytes to a number, number to bytes, etc.
+'''
+
+import types
+import binascii
+
+from rsa import common
+
+def bytes2int(bytes):
+ r"""Converts a list of bytes or an 8-bit string to an integer.
+
+ When using unicode strings, encode it to some encoding like UTF8 first.
+
+ >>> (((128 * 256) + 64) * 256) + 15
+ 8405007
+ >>> bytes2int('\x80@\x0f')
+ 8405007
+
+ """
+
+ return int(binascii.hexlify(bytes), 16)
+
+def int2bytes(number, block_size=None):
+ r'''Converts a number to a string of bytes.
+
+ @param number: the number to convert
+ @param block_size: the number of bytes to output. If the number encoded to
+ bytes is less than this, the block will be zero-padded. When not given,
+ the returned block is not padded.
+
+ @throws OverflowError when block_size is given and the number takes up more
+ bytes than fit into the block.
+
+
+ >>> int2bytes(123456789)
+ '\x07[\xcd\x15'
+ >>> bytes2int(int2bytes(123456789))
+ 123456789
+
+ >>> int2bytes(123456789, 6)
+ '\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'
+ >>> bytes2int(int2bytes(123456789, 128))
+ 123456789
+
+ >>> int2bytes(123456789, 3)
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ OverflowError: Needed 4 bytes for number, but block size is 3
+
+ '''
+
+ # Type checking
+ if type(number) not in (types.LongType, types.IntType):
+ raise TypeError("You must pass an integer for 'number', not %s" %
+ number.__class__)
+
+ if number < 0:
+ raise ValueError('Negative numbers cannot be used: %i' % number)
+
+ # Do some bounds checking
+ if block_size is not None:
+ needed_bytes = common.byte_size(number)
+ if needed_bytes > block_size:
+ raise OverflowError('Needed %i bytes for number, but block size '
+ 'is %i' % (needed_bytes, block_size))
+
+ # Convert the number to bytes.
+ bytes = []
+ while number > 0:
+ bytes.insert(0, chr(number & 0xFF))
+ number >>= 8
+
+ # Pad with zeroes to fill the block
+ if block_size is not None:
+ padding = (block_size - needed_bytes) * '\x00'
+ else:
+ padding = ''
+
+ return padding + ''.join(bytes)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ import doctest
+ doctest.testmod()
+